Tag Archives: Standard of Proof

Sixth Circuit Overrules Authority That Required “Clear and Convincing” Proof on a Fed. R. Civ. P. 65 Motion for a Preliminary Injunction

In PCC Airfoils, LLC v. Daugherty, No. 25-3794 (6th Cir. May 19, 2026), the Sixth Circuit declares definitively that there is no “clear and convincing” standard of proof on a Fed. R. Civ. P. 65 motion for a preliminary injunction, disaffirming a prior nonprecedential circuit decision and a string of district court opinions citing theContinue reading “Sixth Circuit Overrules Authority That Required “Clear and Convincing” Proof on a Fed. R. Civ. P. 65 Motion for a Preliminary Injunction”

Eleventh Circuit Regrets Having Invented a New Burden of Proof for Fourth Amendment Exception, So It Rules En Banc to Wipe “Reasonable Probability” From Books

In United States v. Watkins, No. 18-14336 (11th Cir. Aug. 20, 2021), the en banc Eleventh Circuit unanimously overrules the “reasonable probability” standard it had used since the 1980s to evaluate claims by police under the Fourth Amendment “inevitable discovery” exception, Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984). It holds that the correct standard, consistentContinue reading “Eleventh Circuit Regrets Having Invented a New Burden of Proof for Fourth Amendment Exception, So It Rules En Banc to Wipe “Reasonable Probability” From Books”